Legítima defensa contra actors no estatales: ¿Posibilidad o realidad?

AutorPaola Diana Reyes Parra
CargoPeruvian University of Applied Sciencies, UPC
Páginas151-176
151
Revista Facultad de Jurisprudencia RFJ No.9 Junio 2021
Reyes, P. Self-Defence against Non-State Actors
Self-Defence against Non-State Actors:
Possibility or reality?
Legítima defensa contra actores no estatales:
¿Posibilidad o realidad?
Paola Diana Reyes Parra
Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, UPC
City: Lima
Country: Perú
Original article (research)
RFJ, No. 9, 2021, pp. 151-176, ISSN 2588-0837
ABSTRACT: The United Nations Charter has enshrined the
general prohibition of the use of force as well as the exception
to it through the inherent right of States to defend themself if an
armed attack occurs under article 51. However, the proliferation
of non-State actors and the response given by States to them
are challenges the international community faces to maintain
international peace and security. International law must find
a balance between the legitimate need of States to defend
themselves from the threats that non-State actors present and
at the same time to defend the essential principles of sovereign
equality, territorial integrity and prohibition of the use of force.
KEYWORDS: international security, equality of States,
sovereignty, international tribunal, international conflict.
RESUMEN: La Carta de las Naciones Unidas ha consagrado la
prohibición general del uso de la fuerza, así como la excepción
a la misma mediante el derecho inherente de los Estados a
defenderse si se produce un ataque armado en virtud del artículo
51. Sin embargo, la proliferación de agentes no estatales y la
DOI 10.26807/rfj.vi9.356
152
Revista Facultad de Jurisprudencia RFJ No.9 Junio 2021
Reyes, P. Self-Defence against Non-State Actors
respuesta que les brindan los Estados son desafíos que enfrenta
la comunidad internacional para mantener la paz y la seguridad
internacionales. El derecho internacional debe encontrar
un equilibrio entre la legítima necesidad de los Estados de
defenderse de las amenazas que presentan los actores no
estatales y al mismo tiempo defender los principios esenciales
de igualdad soberana, integridad territorial y prohibición del
uso de la fuerza.
PALABRAS CLAVE: seguridad internacional, igualdad
de Estados, soberanía, tribunal internacional, conflicto
internacional.
INTRODUCTION
It is well known that the United Nations (UN) Charter1 was
envisioned as a framework of an international community of
nation-States (art. 4, para.1). Furthermore, in order to maintain
international peace and security, it prohibits the threat or use
of force by its Member States (art. 2, para. 4). Even though,
Chapter VII of the UN Charter allows, as an exception, the
inherent right of every State to defend itself against armed
attacks, in both individual and collective manner (article 51)
(Van Den Hole, 2003, pp. 73-80).
However, non-state actors (NSAs) have entered into the
international scene using “force” and some States have based its
counter-terrorism answer under the international law governing
the use of self-defence. This new sort of response could have
blurred the lines between the universally accepted prohibition
of the use of force and its exception, as treaties, custom, and
case law do not address the issue in a way that allows States to
defend themselves by targeting NSAs directly.
For instance, the “Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant” (ISIL)
or the “Islamic State of Iraq and Syria” (ISIS), more commonly
1 The U.N. Charter was adopted June 26, 1945, and entered into force on
October 24, 1945. Currently, the Charter has 193 States Parties.

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