Variables Determinantes de las Prácticas de Gestión de Calidad en Micro y Pequeñas Empresas del Ecuador
| Autor | Reyner Pérez-Campdesuñer, Rodobaldo Martínez-Vivar, Gelmar García-Vidal, Margarita De Miguel-Guzmán |
| Cargo | Director de Investigación y docente en la Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas de la Universidad UTE. Quito, Ecuador/Subdecano y docente e investigador en la Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas de la Universidad UTE. Quito, Ecuador/Docente y coordinador de investigación en la Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas de la Universidad UTE. Quito, ... |
| Páginas | 40-55 |
Economía y Negocios, 2023, 14(01), 40-55.
http://revistas.ute.edu.ec/index.php/economia-y-negocios
ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN
ISSN-e: 2602-8050
Recibido (Received): 2022/08/19
Aceptado (Accepted): 2022/09/05
Publicado (Published): 2023/01/01
https:/doi.org/10.29019/eyn.v14i1.1082
Variables Determinantes de las Prácticas de Gestión
de Calidad en Micro y Pequeñas Empresas del Ecuador
Determinant Variables of Quality Management Practices
in Micro and Small Enterprises in Ecuador
Reyner PÉREZ-CAMPDESUÑER1 , Rodobaldo MARTÍNEZ-VIVAR1 ,
Gelmar GARCÍA-VIDAL1 y Margarita de MIGUEL-GUZMÁN2
1 Universidad UTE, Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas. Quito, Ecuador.
2 Instituto Superior Tecnológico ATLANTIC, Departamento de Administración. Santo Domingo, Ecuador.
Email: reyner.perez@ute.edu.ec; rodobaldo.martinez@ute.edu.ec; gelmar.garcia@ute.edu.ec
Resumen
No existe consenso sobre si la gestión de la calidad se puede desarrollar siempre con los mismos mecanismos,
independientemente del tamaño de las empresas. Investigaciones en diversas latitudes han sido motivadas para
llegar a una conclusión al respecto, entre otras razones por la gran diversidad de criterios de clasificación de las
empresas según su tamaño. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo caracterizar en qué medida las prácticas de
gestión de la calidad de las micro y pequeñas empresas en el Ecuador difieren de las prácticas de esta disciplina en
las medianas y grandes empresas. Para ello, se utilizó información sobre la forma en que se desarrolla la actividad
en 992 organizaciones de la población objeto de estudio y se caracterizó el grado de presencia de variables deter-
minantes en la gestión de la calidad. Entre otros resultados, se encontró la existencia de diferencias significativas en
la gestión de la calidad según el tamaño de las empresas.
Palabras Clave
Gestión de la calidad, Micro y pequeñas empresas, Responsabilidad de gestión, Sistema documental, Gestión de
recursos, Medición, análisis y mejora.
Abstract
There is no consensus on whether quality management can always be developed with the same mechanisms, re-
gardless of the size of the companies. Investigations in various latitudes have been motivated to lead to a conclusion
in this regard, among other reasons for the great diversity of classification criteria of companies according to their
size. This investigation aims to characterize the extent to which the quality management practices of micro and small
enterprises in Ecuador dier from the practices of this discipline in medium and large enterprises. For this, informa-
tion on the way in which the activity is developed in 992 organizations of the population under study was used and
the degree of presence of determining variables in quality management was characterized. Among other results,
the existence of significant dierences in quality management depending on the size of the companies was found.
Keywords
Quality management, Micro and small enterprises, Management responsibility, Documentary system, Resource ma-
nagement, Measurement, analysis and improvement.
Revista Economía y Negocios UTE - Año 2023 - Vol. 14 - Núm. 01 - 40-55.
QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES
41
Introduction
In general, companies have two great strate-
gic alternatives to differentiate themselves
from the competition and occupy a preferen-
tial position for the selection of customers:
minimize costs or increase quality. Quality
management according to associated mana-
gement models must have a group of varia-
bles that consolidate it or ensure it relative to:
senior management, resource management,
human resource management and document
management and process management (Es-
crig & de Menezes, 2016; Sfakianaki & Kakou-
ris, 2020; Aguilera-García et al., 2022).
According to Krishnan et al. (2020),
micro and small enterprises (MSMEs) have
a significant representation in relation to
the percentage of total companies in most
countries. In the USA, they represent 52 %
of total employment and are approximately
99 % of commercial companies, in the Euro-
pean Union about 66 % of jobs are provided
by MSMEs. Similar behavior, although to a
lesser extent (between 30 and 50 percent)
is shown by the Asia Pacific region.
The criteria established for classi-
fying a company as SMEs vary from country
to country. In the USA, companies with up
to 500 workers can be considered SMEs, in
Europe up to 250, while in Ecuador they are
limited to 49 workers. In Ecuador, in addition,
these are classified according to the volume
of sales they generate, which can be confu-
sing given that both criteria can be met and
not (Krishnan & Scullion, 2017; Golla, 2018).
Due to its dimensions, it is obvious that
the forms of management of MSMEs must be
modified and made adjustments. Therefore,
several investigations (Sfakianaki & Kakouris,
2020; Sternad et al., 2019) are oriented to
the analysis of these particularities. Not ever-
yone recognizes that the tools and methods
designed for large companies do not work
in the same way in the conditions of SMEs,
which by their nature are different.
This research aims to characterize
in what measures the quality management
practices of MSMEs in Ecuador differ or re-
semble the practices of this discipline in me-
dium and large enterprises.
Literature Review
Quality management is approached from
three main perspectives: (1) that of the qua-
lity theorists, supported by the proposals of
its founders such as Juran, Deming, Ishikawa,
Feigembaun and that was evolving until what
is now known as the Total Quality or Total Qua-
lity Management (Tejaningrum, 2019; Toke &
Kalpande, 2020). (2) That of quality awards,
a mechanism adopted by countries, regions
or organizations that have sought to promo-
te quality. Among these awards, the Deming
Award stands out (Breja et al., 2016; Titu & Bu-
cur, 2016), which is considered one of the fo-
rerunners of the rest and others of long exis-
tence over time such as the EFQM Excellence
Award (Escrig & de Menezes, 2016) and the
Malcom Baldrige Award (Sutapa et al., 2016).
And (3) that of quality standards, where the
ISO 9 000 family of Standards stands out due
to its scope and geographical extension (Klu-
te-Wenig & Refflinghaus, 2020).
Taking into account the literature re-
viewed, it was possible to identify the varia-
bles that ensure quality. The variables iden-
tified, from the positions of various authors,
were evaluated by experts (11 PhDs with
more than seven years of experience in re-
search related to quality and tourism, and
more than two high visibility publications), to
verify the relevance of the same in the con-
text of this research (Table 1).
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