Ius Humani. Revista de derecho

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• European experience in preventing and combating crime by customs authorities and the possibility of its use in Ukraine

  Nowadays, quite effective systems have been formed in the world to combat and prevent customs crimes in general and by customs authorities, however, the experience of not all states is positive. The article, based on the analysis of the scientific views of scholars, summarizes the experience of the leading European countries (on the example of Great Britain, France, Germany) in the field of preventing and combating crime by customs authorities. Both positive and negative aspects of the experience in the field of combating crime in these countries are singled out. The analysis of foreign experience in preventing and combating crime by customs authorities made it possible to formulate the following points that should be used by the domestic legislator: firstly, a high level of material, technical and financial support of the customs authorities, which makes it possible to more quickly respond to existing challenges; secondly, the customs authorities of the vast majority of countries have a wide range of powers in the context of the implementation of intelligence operations; thirdly, a high level of interaction and exchange of information between the EU countries in the framework of combating customs crime; fourthly, an important aspect of combating and preventing customs crime is the professional training of customs personnel; fifthly, on the example of foreign countries in Ukraine, it was expedient to strengthen administrative and criminal liability for violation of customs legislation; sixth, a high level of social and financial support for customs employees. Keywords: Customs Authorities, Crime, Offence, Combating, Prevention, Customs Crime.

• La capacidad jurídica de las personas con discapacidad en el Ecuador

  El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los indicadores estructurales en base al modelo de los derechos humanos de las personas con discapacidad en Ecuador. Para ello, se recopilaron e interpretaron fuentes documentales e información bibliográfica. En un inicio se identificó la situación de las personas con discapacidad y el proceso de protección de derechos a nivel normativo. Se concluye del análisis que los derechos de las personas con discapacidad han sido incluidos dentro del contexto socioeconómico a través de normativa laboral de inserción social. Dentro de los indicadores estructurales a través de un análisis comparado con Colombia y Argentina, se deduce que existe normativa que limita a las personas con discapacidad en sus derechos, esto es, en la institución de la interdicción. Por lo que, es urgente la implementación de la figura de los sistemas de apoyo y salvaguardias. Palabras clave: Personas, discapacidades, modelo de derechos humanos, interdicción.

• El camino para abolir el sempiterno tratado Uribe-Vargas Ozores

  El Tratado Uribe-Vargas Ozores de 1979, también conocido como Tratado de Montería, es un tratado internacional entre la República de Panamá y la República de Colombia. Este tratado concede el tránsito sin costo para los productos naturales e industriales, correos, tropas, naves y materiales de guerra de la República de Colombia a través del Canal de Panamá. De manera anormal, este Tratado no estableció un plazo definido de vencimiento, lo que lo hace indefinido. Sin embargo, la República de Panamá podría iniciar los trámites judiciales para cambiar esta prerrogativa para Colombia basado en el carácter no recíproco y la naturaleza perpetua. Hipotéticamente, es muy probable que esta decisión provoque que Colombia recurra a sanciones comerciales con una intensa batalla legal en virtud de la interpretación de Colombia sobre sus derechos históricos respecto al Canal de Panamá y de su renuncia en el año 2012 al Pacto de Bogotá de 1948 para la resolución de controversias de forma pacífica. Por consiguiente, se ocasionarían graves daños a la industria aérea y al sistema bancario de Panamá. Sin embargo, este artículo considera que sería oportuno denunciar el Tratado de Montería ante la Secretaría General de las Naciones Unidas, en virtud de la Convención de Viena de Derechos de Tratados de 1969 que permite este mecanismo con la intervención de la Corte Internacional de Justicia, de ser necesario. Palabras clave: Canal; Colombia; Derecho; Derecho Internacional; Panamá

• Principles of law: Methodological approaches to understanding in the context of modern globalization transformations

  The purpose of the research is to highlight methodological approaches to understanding principles of law in the context of modern globalization transformations. Main content. Their ontological, epistemological and axiological nature are revealed, in particular, links of the principles of law with human existence, science and other ways of world perception are being traced. Methodology: The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, through the application of this method considered were legal, functional, organizational and procedural aspects of methodological approaches to understanding of principles of law in the context of modern globalization transformations. Conclusions. The classification of the principles of law was singled out and a brief description of their types — universal principles, civilizational principles, and right-family principles and possibilities of separating principles of the national legal system was provided. Keywords: principles of law, ontological nature, epistemological nature, axiological nature, science, classification, universal principles.

• The effects of marriage and divorce on women's nationality in Iranian law

  Family as the first and foremost social institution greatly impacts its immediate larger society. Also, the importance of family as a key figure in a healthy society, and the necessity of strong relations between spouses make it imperative to devise required legal devices. As women are prone to suffer and receive more damage in cases of family breakdown, the legislator should develop and establish more protective statutes in respect to the rights of women. In order to protect the rights of Iranian women, the legislator makes a distinction between the cases where an Iranian woman marries a foreign man, and those where Iranian men marry foreign women. In the former case, wife's change, or retention, of nationality is subject to the laws of the husband’s State while in the latter case the legislator enforces the unity of nationality principle. Marriage between Iranian women and foreign men causes women to experience a number of changes and limitations in terms of their national and inheritance rights. Also, they may lose their Iranian nationality as a consequence of their marriage —in cases when the husband’s nationality, due to the law of the husband's State, is forced upon wife. On the other hand, foreign women married to Iranian men, though being forced to accept Iranian nationality, encounter less limitations resulting from marriage. Upon divorce, they are neither forced to accept a nationality, in contrast to the time when marriage is celebrated, nor denied their Iranian nationality. Thereby, they can choose whether to remain an Iranian national or recover their original nationality. Keywords: Marriage, Iranian women, Foreign Women, Iranian Men, Foreign Men, Nationality

• Desinformación, libertad de expresión y democracia

  La libertad de expresión es un derecho fundamental consustancial al Estado democrático. Además de ser una faceta esencial de la dignidad humana, constituye igualmente un soporte institucional básico de todo sistema jurídico-político. Y es que sólo a través de la libre difusión de informaciones y opiniones puede formarse una opinión pública acerca de los problemas que aquejan a la sociedad y del modo de proceder de los poderes públicos. El primer problema del que trata el presente trabajo reside en que las nuevas tecnologías han propiciado un aluvión de comunicaciones, frecuentemente faltas de rigor informativo, dando lugar a la denominada desinformación. Aunque no se trata de un fenómeno nuevo, hay que reconocer su vertiginoso aumento a través de las posibilidades de difusión que brindan los nuevos canales de comunicación. Los poderes públicos, y los propios soportes comunicativos, están adoptando medidas de supervisión con vistas a restringir tales mensajes. Y aquí se encuentra el segundo problema del que nos ocupamos en este artículo: el de la limitación de la libertad de expresión con la excusa de reducir los efectos nocivos que pudiera conllevar la desinformación. Trataremos de reflexionar acerca de cómo conciliar la libertad de expresión con las limitaciones y mecanismos de control de este derecho fundamental para combatir los mensajes faltos de veracidad. Palabras clave: control de la comunicación; democracia; desinformación; libertad de expresión; opinión pública

• Public Interest as a Category of Administrative and Legal Science

  The article examines the content and features of the public interest as a category of administrative and legal science. The main features of public interest are clarified, namely: (i) it is a set of certain needs (values); (ii) there may be needs of the whole society, as well as its groups or individual citizens; (iii) is provided at the initiative of the directly interested subject or public administration; (iv) these interests are recognized by the state, can be normatively fixed; (v) aimed at ensuring human rights and freedoms; (vi) are provided by subjects of public administration. It is established that the content of public interest as an administrative-legal category follows from the essence of general interest and is individualized by the content of administrative-legal relations. Public interest is defined as a set of certain needs (values) of a person or society, aimed at ensuring and protecting human rights and freedoms and implemented in the activities of public administration. It is established that the public interest reflects the interests of society as a whole or an individual, but its needs may become significant for society as a whole. The types of public interests are distinguished depending on the sphere of realization, territory of distribution and number of persons expressing public interest.

• The Impact of Deviant Behavior on Juvenile Delinquency: Current State of the Problem

  The relevance of this research stems from the fact that in the modern world, the problem of juvenile delinquency is especially acute. Economic inequality, mass globalization, free access to the means of communication, the development of democracy, as well as various social phenomena often cause negative reactions among adolescents. The research goal was to give a comprehensive scientific substantiation of the problem of juvenile delinquency, to consider the impact of deviant behavior on its emergence, to identify its causes and preventive measures, and to develop proposals for their improvement. The methodological basis of the research included a set of techniques and methods for studying this phenomenon of social life. The study revealed that juvenile delinquency remains a serious problem. The negative trend related to the worsening economic situation and lowering living standard in Russia, including minors, results in the higher psychological and emotional overload and the deepening crisis in family relations, which leads to the reemergence of such social phenomenon as child neglect. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that this paper assesses the criminological features of the current state of juvenile delinquency. The theoretical significance of the research includes the deeper scientific analysis of the problem, which provides a scientific basis for its further development. The practical significance implies that the theoretical conclusions obtained in this study can be used for further study of juvenile delinquency and developing measures for its prevention.

• Public Administration and the Protection of Private Rights: Questioning Its Recognition and Application Under Ukrainian Law

  Every society needs the recognition and protection of the rights of its citizens, and this becomes more proper for every administration in respecting this protection for the common good of its society. In this article, international experience of protecting private rights in the sphere of public administration has been analyzed. On the basis of the researched information the authors have provided concrete ways of implementing the specified international experience into domestic state and his legal system. The essence and characteristic features of legal ways to protect the legitimate interests of private individuals within public relations have been clarified among other things. The genesis of the development of the ways to protect private rights in the sphere of public administration has been analyzed. Particular attention has been paid to the insufficient capacity of Ukraine to ensure the inviolability of private rights, freedoms and interests of the entities of public legal relations, compared to the developed countries of Western Europe and North America. At the same time, the emphasis has been made on the gradual increase in the level of democracy and the rule of law in Ukraine over the last 20 years. It has been claimed that a special “acceleration” of the indicated reforms took place immediately after two socially important events, namely the Orange Revolution of 2004 and the Revolution of Dignity of 2013-2014. However, the so-called “energy fervor” gained at the beginning of the reform is slowing down in Ukraine.

• Assessing and Evaluating the General Legal Characteristics of War Crimes: A Basic Necessity or a Confused Platform

  The general legal characteristics of war crimes allow to comprehensively study the indicated acts, to understand their essence, which in turn should facilitate and improve the quality of criminal qualification of criminal offenses against performing the established procedure of active service. The need to form general legal characteristics of war crimes is due to the fact that the sphere of public relations related to active service is intersectoral, since it is simultaneously regulated by the norms of various branches of law. The authors have found out the main features of war crimes and have carried out their characteristics by determining the specific features of their regulation both by criminal and other branches of law. The authors have provided an analytical basis for this in order to evaluate the provisions of regulatory legal acts regulating the procedure of active service and determine the main features of war crimes. The findings of the research was that war crimes infringe the statutory order of performing active service, and the subjects of such illegal acts are military personnel, persons liable to military duty and personnel with reserve obligations during the battle assembly. The general legal characteristics of war crimes is formed taking into account criminal and legal features of the specified criminal offenses and defines specific features of active service; the established procedure for performing active service; military personnel, persons liable to military duty and personnel with reserve obligations during the battle assembly as subjects of crime.

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